TOEFL in CONTROL SYSTEM AND
RELAY
Mochamad Ajie Putratama l 17.20.201.025
Roni Alpianto l 17.20.201.001
GENERAL
DIRECTIONS
1.
This section of
the test is designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is
appropriate in standard written English. There are two parts to this section
with special direction for each
Part one : Reading comprehension
Part two : Structure
Before
you begin each part, carefully read the directions.
2.
Put all of your
answer on the answer sheet.
3.
Carefully and
completely choose your answer for each question. If you change your mind about
an answer after you marked it on your answer sheet, completely erase your old
answer and then mark your new answer.
4.
Try to answer
every problem even if you are not sure of the answer. Your score on the test
will depend on the number of correct answers you have given.
Part
One
By
: https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/control-system
CONTROL
SYSTEM
A control system is a
set of mechanical or electronic devices that regulates other devices or systems
by way of control loops. Typically, control systems are computerized.
Control systems are a
central part of industry and of automation. The types of control loops that
regulate these processes include industrial control systems (ICS) such as
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and distributed control
systems (DCS).
Control systems are
used to enhance production, efficiency and safety in many areas, including:
Quality control, Boiler controls and power plant, Nuclear power plants,
Environmental control, Water treatment plants
There are two main
types of control loops: Open loops, which operate with human input, and closed
loops, which are fully autonomous. Some loops can be switched between closed
and open modes. When open, a switchable loop is manually controlled and when
closed it is fully automated.
Programmable logic
controllers (PLCs), programmable automation controllers (PACs), remote terminal
units (RTUs), control servers, intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) and
sensors are some of the elements of control loops that are in turn a part of
control systems. The control loops that make up control systems are generally
made themselves of a sensor, a controller and a final control element. The
sensor reads the process variable or a related measurement. The controller
receives the signal from the sensor and then forwards it to instrumentation, to
remote terminal units and to final control elements where the process variable
is adjusted, to be kept constant at what is known as a set point.
|
Difficult
Word
|
Pronoun
Spelling
|
Meaning
|
|
Regulate
|
|
Mengatur
|
|
Related
|
|
Terkait
|
|
Acquisition
|
|
Perolehan
|
|
Intelligent
|
|
Cerdas
|
|
Measurement
|
|
Pengukuran
|
TRANSLATE
Sistem kontrol adalah
seperangkat perangkat mekanis atau elektronik yang mengatur perangkat atau
sistem lain dengan cara mengendalikan loop. Biasanya, sistem kontrol
terkomputerisasi.
Sistem kontrol adalah
bagian sentral dari industri dan otomatisasi. Jenis-jenis loop kontrol yang
mengatur proses ini termasuk sistem kontrol industri (ICS) seperti kontrol
pengawasan dan akuisisi data (SCADA) dan sistem kontrol terdistribusi (DCS).
Sistem kontrol
digunakan untuk meningkatkan produksi, efisiensi dan keselamatan di banyak
area, termasuk: Kontrol kualitas, kontrol Boiler dan pembangkit listrik,
Pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir, Pengendalian lingkungan, instalasi pengolahan
air
Ada dua tipe utama dari
loop kontrol: Buka loop, yang beroperasi dengan input manusia, dan loop
tertutup, yang sepenuhnya otonom. Beberapa loop dapat dialihkan antara mode
tertutup dan terbuka. Ketika terbuka, loop switchable dikendalikan secara
manual dan ketika ditutup sepenuhnya otomatis.
Programmable logic
controllers (PLCs), pengontrol otomatisasi yang dapat diprogram (PACs), unit
terminal jarak jauh (RTU), server kontrol, perangkat elektronik cerdas (IED)
dan sensor adalah beberapa elemen dari loop kontrol yang pada gilirannya
merupakan bagian dari sistem kontrol. Loop kontrol yang membentuk sistem
kontrol umumnya menjadikan dirinya sebagai sensor, pengontrol dan elemen
kontrol akhir. Sensor membaca variabel proses atau pengukuran terkait.
Pengontrol menerima sinyal dari sensor dan kemudian meneruskannya ke
instrumentasi, ke unit terminal jarak jauh dan ke elemen kontrol terakhir di
mana variabel proses disesuaikan, untuk tetap konstan pada apa yang dikenal
sebagai set point.
Part
One
Reading
Comprehension
Direction:
In this Section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by a
number of questions about it. You are to choose the one best answer: (A), (B),
(C), or (D) to each question. Then on your answer sheet, find the number of the
question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you
have chosen. This section in designed to measure your ability to read and
understand passages. Answer all questions about the information ion a passage
on the basis what is implied or stated in the passage.
Example
:
READ THE
FOLLOWING PASSAGE:
The railroad was not the first institution to impose regularity on society, or to draw attention to the importance of precise timekeeping. For as long as merchants have set out their wares at daybreak and communal festivities have been celebrated, people have been in rough agreement with their neighbours as to the time of day. The value of this tradition is today more apparent than ever. Were it not for public acceptance of a single yardstick of time, social life would be unbearably chaotic: the massive daily transfers of goods, services, and information would proceed in fits and starts; the very fabric of modem society would begin to unravel.
Question 1
In line 4, the phrase “this tradition” refers to....
(A) The practice of starting the business day at dawn
(B) friendly relations between neighbours
(C) the railroad’s reliance on time schedules
(D) people’s agreement on the measurement of time
The phrase “this tradition” refers to the preceding
clause, “people have been in rough agreement with their neighbours as to the
time of day.” Therefore, you should choose (D).
Now
let’s begin to do the reading test.
1. 1. What fields are not included to improve
production, efficiency and safety in control system ?
A. Boiler
control and power generation
B. Air
treatment plant
C. Nuclear
power plants
D. Water
treatment plants
Explanation:
Because it is described in paragraph 3 line 2 through 3 , A C and D included
fields to improve production, efficiency and safety in control system.
Therefore, you should choose (B).
2.
2. Set of mechanical or electronic devices
that regulate other devices or systems by controlling the loop, explanation
of......
A. Control
Digit
B. System
Control
C. Digit
Control
D. Control
System
Explanation: Because
it is written in paragraph 1 line through 2 “Control system is a set of
mechanical or electronic devices that regulate other devices or systems by
controlling the loop”. Therefore, you should choose (D).
3.
3. The word “related” in paragraph 5 line 6
is closest in meaning to
A.
Verifying
B.
Secondary
C.
Connected
D. Validating
Explanation: The
answer option on the word "Connected" has the conformity of meaning with
"Related" while the other answer options contrary. Therefore, you
should choose (C).
4. 4. The
word “central” in paragraph 2 line 1 could most easily be replaced by….
A.
Primal
B.
Side
C.
Unimportant
D.
Middle
Explanation: The answer option on the word is "Primal"
which has the conformity of meaning with "Central" because the other
answer options contrary to the word "Central". Therefore, you should
choose (A).
5. 5. The
word "Types" in paragraph 2 line 1 is closest in meaning to
A.
Version
B.
Nature
C.
Kinds
D. Variant
Explanation:
The answer option on the word is "Kinds" which has the conformity of
meaning with "Types" while the other answer options contrary or not
match with the word "types". Therefore, you should choose (C).
6. 6. How
many types main loop in control system ?
a.
One
b.
Two
c.
Three
d.
Four
Explanation: because,
it is written in paragraph 4 line 1 through 4 there are two main types of
control loops: Open loops, which operate with human input, and closed loops,
which are fully autonomous. Therefore, you should choose (B).
7. 7. What
is the type of loop mode used to control manually ?l
a.
Input
b.
Closed
c.
Output
d. Open
Explanation: Because
it is written in paragraph 4 line 4 through 5 when position open, a switchable
loop is manually controlled. Therefore, you should chosose (D).
8. 8. The
word “Final” in paragraph 5 line 5 could most easily be replaced by…..
a.
Closing
b.
Best
c.
Last
d. Concluding
Explanation: The
answer option on the word is "Final" which has the conformity of
meaning with "Last" because the other answer options contrary to the
word "Last". Therefore, you should choose (C).
9.
What is the type of loop mode
automatically controlled ?
a.
Input
b.
Closed
c.
Output
d. Open
Explanation: Because
it is written in paragraph 4 line 2 when position closed, a switchable loop is
automated controlled. Therefore, you should choose (D).
110. The
word “enhance” in paragraph 3 line 1 is closest in meaning to
a.
Raise
b.
Decrease
c.
Deepen
d. Divide
Explanation: The
answer option on the word is "Raise" which has the conformity of
meaning with "Enhance" because the other answer options does not
match the word "Enhance". Therefore, you should choose (A).
Part Two
Structure and Written Expression
By: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay
Relay
A relay is
an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch, but other
operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control
a circuit by a separate low-power signal, or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers:
they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on
another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early
computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle
the high power required to directly control an electric motor or other loads is
called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform
switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes
multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload
or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by
digital instruments still called "protective relays".
Magnetic latching relays require
one pulse of coil power to move their contacts in one direction, and another,
redirected pulse to move them back. Repeated pulses from the same input have no
effect. Magnetic latching relays are useful in applications where interrupted
power should not be able to transition the contacts.
Magnetic latching relays can have
either single or dual coils. On a single coil device, the relay will operate in
one direction when power is applied with one polarity, and will reset when the
polarity is reversed. On a dual coil device, when polarized voltage is applied
to the reset coil the contacts will transition. AC controlled magnetic latch
relays have single coils that employ steering diodes to differentiate between
operate and reset commands.
Translate
Relai adalah sakelar yang
dioperasikan secara elektronik. Banyak relay menggunakan elektromagnet untuk
mengoperasikan saklar secara mekanis, tetapi prinsip operasi lainnya juga
digunakan, seperti relay solid-state. Relai digunakan ketika diperlukan untuk
mengontrol sirkuit dengan sinyal daya rendah yang terpisah, atau di mana
beberapa rangkaian harus dikontrol oleh satu sinyal. Relai pertama digunakan
dalam sirkuit telegraf jarak jauh sebagai penguat: mereka mengulangi sinyal
yang datang dari satu sirkuit dan mengirimkannya kembali ke sirkuit lain. Relay
digunakan secara luas dalam pertukaran telepon dan komputer awal untuk
melakukan operasi yang logis.
Tipe relay yang dapat menangani
daya tinggi yang diperlukan untuk mengendalikan secara langsung motor listrik
atau beban lain disebut kontaktor. Solid-state relay mengontrol rangkaian daya
tanpa bagian yang bergerak, alih-alih menggunakan perangkat semikonduktor untuk
melakukan switching. Relay dengan karakteristik operasi yang dikalibrasi dan
kadang-kadang beberapa gulungan operasi digunakan untuk melindungi sirkuit
listrik dari kelebihan beban atau kesalahan; dalam sistem tenaga listrik modern
fungsi-fungsi ini dilakukan oleh instrumen digital yang masih disebut
"relay pelindung".
Relai menempel magnetik
membutuhkan satu pulsa daya kumparan untuk memindahkan kontaknya ke satu arah,
dan satu lagi, pulsa yang diarahkan ulang untuk memindahkannya kembali. Pulsa
berulang dari input yang sama tidak berpengaruh. Relai menempel magnetik
berguna dalam aplikasi di mana gangguan listrik tidak dapat melakukan transisi
kontak.
Relai menempel magnetik dapat
memiliki kumparan tunggal atau ganda. Pada perangkat koil tunggal, relai akan
beroperasi dalam satu arah ketika daya diterapkan dengan satu polaritas, dan
akan diatur ulang ketika polaritas dibalik. Pada perangkat koil ganda, ketika
tegangan terpolarisasi diterapkan ke kumparan ulang kontak akan mengalami
transisi. Relai magnetik terkendali AC memiliki kumparan tunggal yang
menggunakan dioda kemudi untuk membedakan antara mengoperasikan dan mereset
perintah.
Part Two
Structure and Written Expression
Direction : In this section you will see four
underlined words or phrases (A), (B), (C), (D) in each sentence. Identify the
one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentences
to be correct. Then on your answer sheet, find the number of the section and
fill the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.
Look at the following example:
The
midnight sun is (A) a phenomenon in which the Sun visible
remains (B) in the sky (C) for twenty-four
hours or longer (D)
The
sentence should read: The
midnight sun is a phenomenon in which the Sun remains visible in the
sky for twenty-four hours or longer. Therefore, you should
choose (B)
Now let’s Begin to the structure and written test
A B
mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are
also used,
C D
The answer is A, because the word “electrically” functioned as adverb of
manner with the first latter started
with vowel “e”, so the article must be
“an”
2.
Relays is
used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate
low-
A B C
power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal.
D
The answer is “A”, because relays functioned as subject indicated as
plural form so the to be must be “are”.
A B C D
The answer is “B”, because the
first relays functioned as object located in the first sentence that it must be
expressed with passive verb 3 “used”
4.
Relays
were used extensively on telephone exchanges and early
computers to
A B C D
perform logical operations.
The answer is “B”, because the use preposition “on” is not correct and it
must be “in”
5.
A type on
relay that can handle the high power required to directly control
an
A B C D
The answer in “A”, because the use of preposition “on” is not correct
and it must be “of”.
A B C
semiconductor device by perform switching.
D
The answer is “D”, because the use of preposition “by” is not correct
and it must be “to”
7.
Magnetic
latching relays require one pulse of coil power to move their
A B
contacts an one direction, and another, redirected pulse
to move them back.
C D
The answer is “C”, because the use of preposition “an” is not correct
and it must be “on”.
8.
Relays are
using where it is necessary to control a circuit by a
separate low-
A B C
power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal.
D
The answer is “A”, because the use of preposition “using” is not correct
and it must be “used”.
9.
Magnetic
latching relays is useful in applications where interrupted
power
A B C
should not be able to transition the contacts.
D
The answer is “A”, because relays functioned as subject indicated as
plural form so the to be must be “are”.
10. The relay will operate on
one direction when power is applied with one
A B C
D
polarity.
The answer is “B”, because the use preposition “on” is not correct and
it must be “in”
